Of these, five approaches (i.e., core vocabulary, cycles, naturalist recast, stimulability, and psycholinguistic intervention) were selected for review because they can be used to treat functional speech sound disorders produced by toddlers and none required additional clinician training for implementation. Challenges perpetuate the present clinical condition including those related to treatment decision making (e.g., intervention approach).Īlthough there are numerous speech sound production treatment approaches appropriate for the pediatric population, a much smaller proportion are proposed to be appropriate for children under the age of 3 years. Speech sound production intervention in early childhood is relatively rare despite empirical and theoretical support for providing this type of targeted therapy for toddlers. The findings provide initial evidence that direct formal assessment of 2-year-old phonology is possible. While quantitative data was not a reliable predictive indicator of speech disorder, qualitative analysis of error types was predictive, with children who made many atypical errors at 2 years being diagnosed as phonologically disordered at 3 years. Correlation analyses indicated that performance at the first assessment on the TPT indicated performance on subsequent assessments. Consistently used error patterns identified included cluster reduction, final consonant deletion, stopping, fronting, weak syllable, deletion, gliding and deaffrication. Their phonetic repertoires were missing some fricatives and all affricates, as well as /r/. The data indicated that older children performed better than younger children on quantitative measures. Ten of the children were assessed three times, on the third occasion, when they had reached 3 years, on another phonological assessment. Children produced 32 words, spontaneously or in imitation. The study evaluated 62 2-year-old children on the Toddler Phonology Test (TPT). The study reported evaluated an assessment of phonology for 2-year-olds to establish normative data and determine if early identification of children with speech difficulties is possible.
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